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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents in the roots and rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii. Methods: The roots and rhizomes of T. tschonoskii were extracted with 70% ethanol and separated by chromatography on polyamide, silica gel, RP-C18, and Sephadex LH-20 columns. Chemical structures were identified by MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Results: Twelve compounds were isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate extract from the roots and rhizomes of T. tschonoskii and n-butanol fractions were identified as β-ecdysone (1), pinnatasterone (2), polypodine B (3), methyl ferulorate (4), regaloside A (5), 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid (6), vanillic aldehyde (7), β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O- [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), paris saponin V (9), paris saponin III (10), trillenoside A (11), and trillenoside C (12). Conclusion: Compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 9, and 10 are isolated from the plants in this genus for the first time, and compounds 3-5, 11, and 12 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents in the roots and rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii. Methods: The roots and rhizomes of T. tschonoskii were extracted with 70% ethanol and separated by polyamide, silica gel, RP-C18, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Chemical structures were identified by MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Results: Eight compounds were isolated and their structure were identified as pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), pennogenin-3-O-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl-(1→4)-[α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), pennogenin-3-O- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4) -[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), pennogenin (4), prosapogenin (5), 7, 11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1, 6-dodecadien-10, 11-dihdroxyl-10-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), 7, 11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1, 6-dodecadien-10, 11-dihdroxyl-10-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (7), and astragalin (8). Conclusion: All these compounds are isolated from T. tschonoskii for the first time.
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ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics of pathological fracture in extremities caused by bone tumors or tumor-like lesions. MethodsFrom August 2002 to December 2010, 139 patients with pathological fractures were entered in the study, including 79 males and 60 females with an average age of 31.1 years. Fractures included tumor-like lesion in 55 cases, benign tumor in 13, giant cell tumor (GCT)in 7, primary malignant tumors in 28, and metastatic tumors in 36. Forces induced to fractures were classified into four grades: spontaneous fracture, functional activity, minor injury, severe injury. Age, fracture location, histological results, fractures forces, prodromes, and misdiagnosis were all observed. Chi-square test were use to compare forces and prodromes within different tumors. ResultsThe highest morbidity rate is 32.4％(45/139) which lies in 11-20 years old. The cites of fractures including femurs in 71 cases, humerus in 36, tibia in 15, fingers in 7, radiuses in 4, fibula in 3, ulnas in 2, and metatarsus in 1. Fracture forces include spontaneous fractures in 29 cases, functional activity in 42, minor injuries in 65, and traumatic injuries in 3. Sixty-seven patients(48.2％) had local prodromes. The prodromes of both malignant tumors and metastatic tumors were more than benign tumors. Twenty cases experienced misdiagnosis with average delay time of 12 weeks. ConclusionMinor injury forces and local prodromes are clinical key features of pathological fractures. Both of them are key points of avoiding misdiagnosis.
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In recent years,with the development of neuroimaging and the progress in related clinical studies,people have had a better understanding of posterior circulation ischemia.This article reviews the progress in the causes,mechanisms,clinical manifestations,diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of posterior circulation ischemia.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture at Neimadian for analgesia in the extremities after orthopedic operation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred cases enrolled were divided into two groups. The test group of 100 cases were treated with electroacupuncture at Neimadian and oral administration of placebo, and the control group of 100 cases with oral administration of tramadoli hydrochloride.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean score for pain signs at all the time points before and after analgesic treatment in the test group had more decreases as compared with the control group (P < 0.001); and in the good rate after treatment, the test group was higher than the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.05), and for safety, the test group was higher than the control group (P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The analgesic effect and safety of electroacupuncture at Neimadian are superior to the routine analgesic after operation of the extremities.</p>